Early opposition

Celebrating its 150th international anniversary of Christian ministry this year, The Salvation Army has not always enjoyed the popularity and acceptance that it experiences today 

“I saw the defendants come down the street and remain near the intersection of Prince and Pound streets. They knelt down and commenced praying”

During the late 19th century and early 20th century many local councils employed a person in the role of “Inspector of Nuisances”. The role seems to have had a wide-ranging job description that allowed various inspectors to harass the early Salvation Army.

In Sydney, the archives record that the Inspector of Nuisances was responsible for the keeping the city clean, sanitary and safe. This included inspection and condemnation of food offered for sale in the markets and on the streets, inspection of dangerous buildings, nuisances and hoardings, prosecution of breaches of the by-laws and keeping thoroughfares free from obstruction. He also supervised the carters who removed rubbish.

In Perth, the Inspector of Nuisances was also responsible for sniffing out bad smells, like those emanating from swamps and marshlands and, at one point, he was even able to sniff out a dead horse.

In Manly, the Inspector of Nuisances was required to capture runaway horses, cattle, pigs, etc. and hold them at the council’s animal pound until reclaimed and a fine paid by the owner.

There seems to be no doubt that the wide interpretation of “keeping thoroughfares free from obstruction” and “prosecution of breaches of the by-laws” was ruthlessly implemented against The Salvation Army by various individuals holding the position of Inspector of Nuisances.

Court action

In the northern NSW city of Grafton, the local Inspector of Nuisances waged a well-publicised campaign against the Army in the early 1890s. In 1891, the Corps Officer in Grafton, Captain William Thomas Hooker, was fined for obstruction and had appealed the matter to the Supreme Court. He told the court that it was against his principles to pay a fine. But rather than see him go to gaol the magistrate himself paid the fine the next day.

The Inspector of Nuisances was determined to get the Army off the streets and pursued the matter further with the local council.

The Grafton Clarence and Richmond Examiner of Saturday 18 July, 1891, reported on a council discussion on the alleged obstructing of the street by the Salvation Army.

It would appear that the Inspector of Nuisances, Francois Venator, brought the matter to the meeting as he had already threatened the officers with legal action. During discussion, alderman seemed somewhat divided in their opinion as to what could be done. The mayor doubted if there would be any use prosecuting in the Police Court, as the sympathies of the local magistrate were towards the Army.  

Other alderman considered the Army was acting illegally and pointed to local by-laws which stated, “Any street musician or vocalist who shall not, when requested by any householder within the Borough of Grafton, or his servant, or by any officer or servant of the Council, or by any police officer, depart from the neighbourhood of the premises of such householder, shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding £2, nor less than 5s.”

A further section of council by-laws stated that, “All persons standing or loitering upon any of the carriageways, footways, or other public places in the Borough of Grafton ... shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding £2, or less than 10s.”

Street prayer

The threats seemed to have only stimulated the local Corps Officers, Captain Hooker and Lieutenant John Thomas Tuck, to further indiscretions ending up with them appearing in court on Tuesday 23 August, 1891. Appearing before Mr. E.M. Ryan JP, the officers were accused of “loitering in the carriageways in one of the streets of the city, thereby interrupting the traffic thereon”.

The Inspector of Nuisances testified that, “on the evening of the 15th instant, about 25 minutes past seven, I saw the defendants come down the street and remain near the intersection of Prince and Pound streets. They knelt down and commenced praying”.

The Army’s solicitor, Mr Norrie, contested that as an appeal to the High Court was pending, and if the present proceedings became known to the Supreme Court, the Council would probably find themselves called upon to show cause why they should not be prosecuted for contempt of court.

After a lengthy legal discussion about whether or not traffic had been obstructed, the magistrate decided the case was not proven and since a similar matter was before the Supreme Court the council was unwise to proceed. The magistrate awarded costs of 21s against the council.

Community support

The Army was not without is supporters in Grafton, as a letter to the editor of the Clarence and Richmond Examiner of Saturday 1 August, 1891, confirmed.

The writer, who simply called himself a lover of justice, wrote, “Sir, I would just like to ask the responsible parties in the matter that if they regard entertainments of that kind a thing worthy of fine or imprisonment”. The writer went on ask, “What about the congregating of the larrikin element on the same evenings, crowding the footpath on the next side of Prince Street from Pound Street corner southward, so much so that females (unless accompanied by a male protector) are afraid to walk on that side of the street because of the insult and obscene language they would be exposed to, and yet this had existed for years past, and the police and Inspector of Nuisances allow it to continue”.

Although The Salvation Army had suffered a great deal of persecution at the hands of the various inspectors of nuisances, by 1895 the tide was beginning to turn.

The Sydney Morning Herald of 9 January, 1895, reported on court proceedings against the Army by the Inspector of Nuisances in the NSW country town of Bingara.

The Inspector of Nuisances, John Plunkett, had brought a case against the Army for obstructing a thoroughfare and had lost the case with heavy costs being awarded against the council. The council had refused to pay the costs which resulted in the council’s books being seized by police and the Inspector of Nuisances, John Plunkett, imprisoned for 14 days.

Major DAVID WOODBURY