Justice Stocktake 2025
Banks
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Social justice in Banks
The most striking result from the Stocktake is the extraordinary consensus across Australia about what issues we are seeing.
73.0% identified housing affordability and homelessness as an issue in their community
Banks, like the rest of Australia, is experiencing a housing crisis. In Banks, 73.0 per cent of people identified housing affordability and homelessness as an issue in the community and 39.6 per cent identified it as an issue for themselves. This is even higher than the result recorded in the 2022 Social Justice Stocktake of 56.2 per cent for housing affordability and 21.0 per cent for homelessness. The best estimates available suggest there are around 465 people experiencing homelessness in Banks alone[1] and there is an unmet housing need of 4200 dwellings[2]. Not having a safe and secure home makes every part of life more difficult. Addressing issues in the housing system (and ending homelessness) is foundational to addressing the other social justice issues identified in this report.
Mental health was the second issue identified by people in Banks in terms of the community and the top issue for themselves. At the last Stocktake, mental health was identified by around 56.2 per cent of people in Banks. At the last Census, in Banks, 5.7 per cent of people reported being diagnosed with a long-term mental health condition, including depression or anxiety.[3] Mental health is connected to every other social justice concern raised in this report and particularly linked with housing stress and homelessness.[4] The Salvation Army’s own experience has shown that mental ill health can drive and result from other forms of disadvantage as well as exacerbate and be exacerbated by other experiences of hardship. When we consider mental health, we need to consider that a purely medical response must be complemented by actions that address underlying disadvantage. The best possible clinical care will be less effective if a person is living in their car or unsafe in their home.
The rising cost of living has impacted everyone in Australia in some way and Banks is no exception. 53.2 per cent of respondents in Banks reported that financial hardship and inclusion was an issue in their community and 29.7 per cent identified it when thinking about themselves. This compares with 23.8 per cent who identified the same issue for the community in the 2022 Stocktake. Though the overall child poverty rate in NSW is 15.1 per cent, it is much higher in some areas, for example the area of Punchbowl in Banks, where the child poverty rate is 34.9 per cent.[5] Roughly 5215 people living in Banks are reliant on JobSeeker or Youth Allowance.[6] The rates of both these payments are demonstrably too low and have the unintended consequence of trapping people in poverty.
In 2022, just over 1 in 6 (16 per cent) Australians were experiencing loneliness and 1 in 7 (15 per cent) were experiencing social isolation.[7] In Banks, 36.9 per cent of respondents identified that social isolation and loneliness was an issue in the community. Certain cohorts experience loneliness at higher rates. People with disability report higher emotional loneliness (33.1 per cent) as do people who are unemployed (28.5 per cent) compared to the population level of 19.8 per cent.[8] At the 2021 Census, there were 9608 people estimated to be living with disability in Banks[9] and 3816 people recorded as unemployed.[10] Australians who feel lonely are twice as likely to have chronic disease and 4.6 times more likely to have depression.[11] This is one of the many reasons why addressing loneliness needs to be a top priority in Banks.
In Banks, 33.3 per cent of people identified climate change as an issue in the community and 28.8 per cent identified it as an issue for themselves. This is in line with the national result of 30.1 per cent and 30.3 per cent respectively. In the 2022 Social Justice Stocktake we only recorded the issues people identified in their community and 30.5 per cent identified climate change in Banks. The Climate Risk Map predicts that by 2050 with a ‘medium’ emission scenario, 7.2 per cent of properties in Banks will be at risk.[12] An extraordinary 84 per cent of people in Australia have identified that they personally have been affected by a climate event or extreme weather[13] so it is an indication of how serious the other social justice issues are that climate change, while ranking highly, does not rank higher.
Banks echoed the general sentiment of Australia when asked what could be done about these issues and what decision-makers needed to know. We heard from respondents in Banks a strong sense of urgency as well as reflection on the need for politics to be put to the side and immediate action taken.
[I would like the decision makers to know] “that [these issues] actually exist out there. That they gt out of their offices and onto the streets to see what’s actually happening so they can get ideas on how to go about fixing them.”
“People are really struggling, I’m someone that earns good money and I’m struggling, can’t imagine someone on a lower income or unemployed.”
Housing affordability and homelessness
Homelessness is a widespread and serious issue in Australia — on any given night, 122,494 people in Australia are homeless;[14] however the number is likely much higher given the numbers of people not recorded as “no fixed address” and the increasing impact of a tight rental market.
Homelessness is when a person does not have suitable accommodation — that might mean that a person’s dwelling is inadequate, they do not have any security that they can stay where they are or they do not have control over their space.[15] Homelessness is a result of systemic and structural issues such as poverty, low income, and a lack of safe, affordable housing. The cost of homelessness to individuals, our community and economy is enormous, and increases the longer the individual remains homeless.
People who have experienced family and domestic violence, young people, children on care and protection orders, Indigenous Australians, people leaving health or social care arrangements, and Australians aged 45 or older are among some of the people most likely to experience homelessness.[16] Housing affordability relates to the relationship between expenditure on housing (prices, mortgage payments or rents) and household incomes. Any type of housing (including rental housing or home ownership, permanent or temporary, for-profit, or not-for-profit) is considered affordable if it costs less than 30 per cent of household income.
Access to appropriate, affordable, and secure housing is the basis of any individual and family’s engagement in work, education and social participation. In real terms, having a safe and secure home means having the breathing space to focus on thriving.
23% experiencing homelessness 12-24 yrs old
In 2021, 23 per cent of all people experiencing homelessness were aged between 12 and 24.[17]
640K Households
Around 640,000 households in Australia are not having their housing needs met.[18]
174.6K waiting
As at June 2022, there were 174,600 households waiting to be allocated public housing, with 68,000 of these households being considered of “greatest need”.[19]
In a 2024 snapshot, it was found that only three rentals across the entire country were affordable for a single person receiving the JobSeeker Payment and there were no affordable rentals for someone receiving Youth Allowance.[20]
1M low-income households
In 2019-20, approximately one million low-income households were in financial housing stress, meaning they were spending more than 30 per cent of their income on housing.[21]
We have the power to make a difference
We can urge action from our governments
All governments can commit to ending homelessness. This will involve all governments working together to address the structural drivers of homelessness such as poverty, low income, and the lack of social and affordable housing.
Critically, while the Housing Australia Future Fund is a start, it is critical that funding for affordable housing is not at the expense of social housing — both need to be fully funded. Governments need to work together to rapidly increase access to social housing, committing to building up social housing stock to be at least 10 per cent of total housing stock. This will relieve pressure across the entire housing continuum.
We can implement change in our community and our workplaces
Homelessness is extremely isolating and there are many places in our community where people experiencing homelessness do not feel welcome. Our community groups can ensure they remain open to people who are homeless by keeping the cost of activities and membership as low as possible or considering arrangements for lower fees for people experiencing financial hardship. Places of business can also make sure that people experiencing homelessness are welcome and do not experience stigma or discrimination when they are in public spaces. Community groups and businesses that have facilities might investigate whether they can create events or opportunities to share those facilities, such as having community dinners. We might also be able to make facilities such as showers and toilets available for use by members of the public who may not have access to a safe and secure place themselves.
We can have influence in our personal lives
There is a lot of stigma and shame associated with experiencing homelessness. We can treat people experiencing homelessness or housing stress with dignity and respect. If we see someone in the street experiencing homelessness, we can stop and engage.
Mental health
Mental health and wellbeing, just like physical health, exist on a spectrum. Mental illnesses, such as anxiety, depression, and substance abuse disorders are common, affecting millions of Australians of all ages and backgrounds. It is also important to recognise that less severe mental health concerns still undermine the mental wellbeing of too many Australians.
Any number of factors can contribute to a person’s experience of mental ill health, particularly economic stresses such as unemployment and homelessness, and social factors including family and domestic violence, discrimination and exclusion, loneliness and social isolation. Minor mental health problems can develop into more significant illness and this can have monumental negative impacts upon every component of a person’s work, social and family life. People experiencing significant mental illness can find it difficult to maintain employment, stable housing, connection to loved ones, and even physical health.
While significant progress has been made in recent years to raise awareness and improve access to mental health services, challenges persist in addressing the diverse needs of the population. Access to mental health services remains a critical issue, particularly in regional and remote areas where services are often limited or inaccessible. Long wait times, high costs, and a lack of culturally appropriate services can create barriers to seeking help for those in need. Additionally, stigma surrounding mental illness continues to deter individuals from seeking support and can exacerbate feelings of shame and isolation.
Mental illness does not discriminate. It is important that anyone experiencing mental ill health can access timely, non-judgmental and effective support so everyone can achieve and maintain mental health and wellbeing.
People living with mental ill health are likelier to develop a physical illness and are more likely to be hospitalised for preventable reasons.[22]
People living with mental illnesses have a life expectancy 10 to 15 years shorter than the general population, and this trend is growing.[23]
44% experienced mental ill health
44 per cent of the population, approximately 8.6 million Australians, have experienced mental ill health at some point in their life.[24]
4.2M in the past 12 months
21 per cent of Australians (4.2 million people) have experienced mental ill health in the past 12 months.[25]
We have the power to make a difference
We can urge action from our governments
Economic and social factors can negatively impact a person’s mental health. Systemic issues such as poverty, housing insecurity, family and domestic violence and other social and economic factors need to be addressed for any mental health strategy to be effective.
Governments can work together to implement diverse, ambitious, evidence-based trial programs to explore new approaches and deliver active outreach. One key priority is fixing the issue of the “missing middle” of mental health care provision, to address mental ill health before a person reaches a crisis.
We can implement change in our community and our workplaces
It is critical that workplaces treat employees’ and volunteers’ mental health and wellbeing as an element of Workplace Health and Safety (WHS). One action workplaces can take is to offer relevant staff and volunteers, including managers, leaders and senior staff members, training in mental health first aid just as we do physical first aid.
Our community groups can be powerful in providing social connection that can build resilience against mental ill health. It is important that we make sure that our events, activities, and spaces are welcoming for all people and do not create stigma around mental ill health.
We can have influence in our personal lives
In our own lives we can find strategies to build positive mental health and wellbeing. This includes asking for help when it is needed and finding out about local supports and services to foster positive mental health and address mental health concerns.
We can talk to the people in our lives if we are worried about their mental health, ask if they are okay, listen and help them to access support. If you are not sure what to say, there are helpful resources online.
Financial hardship and inclusion
Although poverty is often hidden in Australia, it can be a crushing reality for those experiencing it. Financial hardship often involves making impossible choices between essentials — food or rent — and being in a near constant state of worry and stress about having your basic needs met. Stress around financial pressures can have negative impacts on people’s health and wellbeing. Fear, shame, and the feeling of being trapped cause significant harm, and individuals may withdraw from community and friendships, becoming isolated. Experience of poverty can easily change a person’s life trajectory, impacting employment, housing, education and health outcomes for much of their life.[26]
Many Australians are only a few financial shocks away from severe financial hardship, that could look like losing a job, sudden or chronic illness or a relationship ending. It’s important that we build our system so that a financial shock does not mean long-term experiences of poverty. Unfortunately, our current social welfare system is not fit for purpose. People who are relying on income support payments are unable to afford necessities, often having to go without meals, falling behind in payments, or having to access debt to stay afloat. This is the case no matter how savvily or carefully they budget. Such a low income makes it hard to find secure and stable employment and can lead to long-term unemployment, social isolation, entrenched poverty, and intergenerational disadvantage.
Cost of living pressures are affecting almost all Australians but they are not affecting us equally. It is critical that we make sure those who are doing it toughest can still have their needs met.
3.3M living below the poverty line
In 2022, there were 3.3 million people (13.4 per cent) living below the poverty line, including 761,000 children (16.6 per cent).[27]
$8 per week left after essentials
The 2024 Red Shield Appeal report found that people accessing emergency relief had $8 a week left after essential spending such as housing and groceries. Respondents who were reliant on government payments went backwards and had -$2 after essentials.[28]
Poverty is more pronounced for women than men, with larger gender differences in rates of poverty for young women and women aged 55 and over.[29]
People who experience childhood poverty are up to 3.3 times more likely to remain in poverty in adult life.[30]
We have the power to make a difference
We can urge action from our governments
Our social safety net is failing people. The Commonwealth Government needs to review and radically increase the rates of income support, such as JobSeeker and Youth Allowance, so that unemployment does not mean long-term poverty.
Governments need to work together to prioritise ending homelessness and housing stress. A commitment and concrete plan to increase social housing to at least 10 per cent of housing stock in Australia is a key intervention that will ease housing stress across our community.
We can implement change in our community and our workplaces
Workplaces and community groups often support causes through fundraising and learning opportunities. Poverty is a foundational social justice issue that leads to, results from, or exacerbates every other disadvantage in this report. When we are choosing a cause to highlight, we can choose ones that address the underlying issue of financial hardship.
When organising events, activities and memberships we can keep in mind that cost may be a barrier to some people participating. We can actively keep the individual cost of participation as low as possible and consider providing bursaries or scholarships to assist with costs that can be accessed without shame or stigma.
We can have influence in our personal lives
We can give to or volunteer with groups that are working to support people experiencing poverty. While structural issues need to be addressed, in the meantime there are already so many people doing what they can and so many opportunities to get involved. Acting in our own communities, we can make a difference for people one at a time.
Social isolation and loneliness
People often associate social isolation and loneliness with the COVID-19 pandemic but this has been an issue in our community for a long time. Social isolation and loneliness are different but related.
Social isolation is a measure of meaningful social connection and interaction while loneliness is the unpleasant feeling that may come about because of social isolation. There are many causes of social isolation and loneliness. Social isolation can result from several factors, including geographical remoteness, life transitions, and societal changes.
Many older people experience loneliness and social disconnectedness due to factors such as retirement, loss of loved ones, and physical health limitations. Young people in Australia also face challenges related to social isolation. Despite being more connected than ever through online platforms, many young people report feelings of loneliness and disconnection, which can impact their self-esteem, mental health, and sense of belonging.
There is a clear relationship between financial hardship and social isolation and loneliness.
People experiencing poverty or financial hardship are often forced into social isolation and develop feelings of loneliness. People experiencing loneliness have a higher risk of mental ill health, particularly depression and anxiety. This can start a feedback loop, as people who are anxious or feeling depressed may isolate themselves further as a coping mechanism. Loneliness can have other implications too, including poorer physical health, pain and sleep disorders, and even gastrointestinal disease.
Once a person experiences the negative implications of social isolation and loneliness, it can lead to other forms of disadvantage, including difficulty maintaining employment, housing, and other relationships. This is why it is so important to foster meaningful and purposeful social connections, and a sense of belonging and community inclusion (while providing accessible resources and support services), so all individuals feel valued, connected, and supported in their communities.
1 in 20
In August 2022, about one in 20 (4.8 per cent) Australians reported never meeting socially with friends, colleagues or relatives. This is more than double pre-pandemic levels of isolation.[31]
Young people (aged 18-24) were most likely to report high levels of loneliness throughout the pandemic.[32]
Twice as likely to have chronic disease
People who are moderately lonely are twice as likely to have chronic disease as people who are not lonely.[33]
46% too embarrassed to admit feeling lonely
46 per cent of people say they are too embarrassed to admit it to others when they feel lonely.[34]
We have the power to make a difference
We can urge action from our governments
Governments can lead the conversation on social isolation and loneliness by creating frameworks of accountability such as developing ways of measuring social isolation and loneliness and appointing a minister with responsibility for minimising social isolation.
Governments of all levels can work to address service gaps that can cause people experiencing hardship (such as family and domestic violence, homelessness, substance misuse, and mental ill health) to be pushed into isolation and loneliness.
We can implement change in our community and our workplaces
Community groups have huge power to address loneliness and social isolation. This might involve dedicated outreach to attract more participants to events or activities, or checking in and building deeper connections with currently active members.
Workplaces are an important element of many people’s social lives. We can provide constructive social interaction for employees but we can also see our businesses as opportunities for social connection with customers and community members.
To foster connection, social programs need to be welcoming to a broad cohort, and flexible and adaptable to a specific community’s needs. Community groups can be collaborative and interconnected to support those with more intensive needs.
We can have influence in our personal lives
We can address social isolation and loneliness in ourselves and in our community by being open to building social connections across all aspects of our lives, from our neighbourhoods, workplaces, community groups, and family.
We can learn how to identify and support someone experiencing social isolation and loneliness. This can have a profound impact on the people around us.
Climate change
Australia’s climate has warmed since records started to be kept in 1910.[35] This is because of the greenhouse effect, where the level of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere act as a blanket, trapping in heat.[36] The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) found that this has been caused by human activities.[37]
Changes in our climate have led to:
- More frequent and intense extreme weather events like floods, heatwaves and bushfires
- Changes to rainfall patterns
- Rising sea temperature and levels
- More hot days and less cold days
- Coral bleaching [38]
Climate change impacts go beyond the environmental impacts. Climate change will have strong impacts on physical and mental health, including those resulting from lack of access to clean water and sanitation, changes to spread in diseases, increased natural disasters, and poverty.
We are already experiencing this in Australia with disaster trends being complex, compounding and cascading, and it is expected to get worse.[39] Climate change responses must lower emissions and help our community adapt to a changing climate. Unfortunately, people already experiencing disadvantage are more likely to be impacted negatively both by climate change and by measures to adapt. They typically have fewer resources to reduce the personal impact of climate change (such as installing solar panels or moving to a safer region) and to recover from it (such as rebuilding after a flood or fire). This means that addressing climate change is not just an environmental or economic imperative — it is a social justice priority.
There has been an increase in extreme fire weather, and a longer fire season, across large parts of Australia since the 1950s.[42]
84% directly affected
A Climate Council survey found that 84 per cent of respondents had been directly affected by at least one climate-fuelled disaster since 2019. The same percentage report being worried that their home insurance may become unaffordable due to worsening disasters.[43]
$1532 average cost per Aussie household
It is estimated that the extreme weather events that happened between September 2021 and September 2022 cost every Australian household an average of $1532.[44]
We have the power to make a difference
We can urge action from our governments
As a nation we can commit to deep, rapid and sustained reductions in Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions before 2030, and net zero carbon dioxide emissions by the early 2050s.`
At all levels of government, we can invest in, and create, policies that encourage widespread investment in renewable energy, energy conservation and efficiency, and reducing transport emissions.
In relevant policy, regulatory and planning settings, the risks and impacts of climate change, especially on those already experiencing disadvantage, can be at the forefront of decision-making processes. Given the increasing likelihood and severity of climate-related disasters, it is imperative that governments commit effort and resources to developing resilience and preparedness.
We can implement change in our community and our workplaces
When we are making a business decision about what we sell or purchase and how we manage waste, we can consider the climate change impact of our actions.
Our community groups can support local food growers and producers, reclaim green spaces, or grow the local circular economy.
When we’ve found actions that work, we can share knowledge and resources to help and encourage others in the community reduce our individual and collective footprint.
We can have influence in our personal lives
We can commit to one change to reduce our individual greenhouse gas footprint. This could look like eating more sustainable and healthy meals once a week, reducing our food waste, catching public transport, cycling or walking instead of driving, or changing the energy sources we rely on.
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van den Nouwelant, R., Troy, L. & Soundararaj, B. (2023). National Current and Projected Housing Needs 2022. [Link] ↩︎
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Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2024). Specialist homelessness services. [Link] ↩︎
Miranti, R., Freyens. B., Vidyattama, Y., Tanton, R., & Shakir, G. (2024). Child Social Exclusion Index - Nurturing Inclusion: Paving the Way to Improved Child Wellbeing. The Canberra School of Politics, Economics and Society (SchoPES), Faculty of Business, Government and Law (BGL), University of Canberra. Report commissioned by UnitingCare Australia. ↩︎
This dataset was originally found on data.gov.au “DSS Payments by Commonwealth Electoral Division - March 2024”. Please visit the source to access the original metadata of the dataset: [Link] ↩︎
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2024). Social isolation and loneliness. [Link] ↩︎
Relationships Australia. (2022). Relationship Indicators 2022 Report: National survey of the state of relationships in Australia. [Link] ↩︎
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021). 2021 Banks, Census Community Profiles. [Link] ↩︎
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021). 2021 Banks, Census All persons QuickStats. [Link] ↩︎
Ending Loneliness Together. (2023). State of the Nation Report: Social Connection in Australia 2023. [Link] ↩︎
Climate Council. (2022). Climate Risk Map of Australia. [Link] ↩︎
Climate Council. (2024). Survey Results: Climate-Fueled Disasters Cause Australians to Fear Permanent Loss of Homes. [Link] ↩︎
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2023). Estimating Homelessness. [Link] ↩︎
This is a loose paraphrasing of the more robust statistical definition used by the Australian Bureau of Statistics - [Link] ↩︎
House of Representatives Standing Committee on Social Policy and Legal Affairs. (2021). Final report: Inquiry into homelessness in Australia. [Link] ↩︎
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2023). Estimating Homelessness. [Link] ↩︎
Van Den Nouwelant, R., Troy, L., & Soundararaj, B. (2022). Quantifying Australia’s Unmet Housing Need: A National Snapshot. Community Housing Industry Association, University of New South Wales City Futures Research Centre, University of Sydney. [Link] ↩︎
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2023). Housing Assistance in Australia. [Link] ↩︎
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Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2023). Housing Affordability. [Link] ↩︎
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2023). Physical health of people with mental illness. [Link] ↩︎
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2023). Physical health of people with mental illness. [Link] ↩︎
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2024). Prevalence and impact of mental illness. [Link] ↩︎
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2024). Prevalence and impact of mental illness. [Link] ↩︎
Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. (2019). Strong Foundations: Getting it Right in the First 1000 Days: A Case for Investment. 28 [Link] ↩︎
Davidson, P., Bradbury, B., & Wong, M. (2023). Poverty in Australia 2023: Who is affected. Poverty and Inequality Partnership Report no. 20. Australian Council of Social Service and UNSW Sydney. ↩︎
Verrelli, S., Russell, C., & Taylor, E. (2024). Findings from the 2024 Red Shield Appeal Research Project. The Salvation Army, Australia. ↩︎
Duncan, A. (2022, March). Behind the Line: Poverty and disadvantage in Australia 2022. Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre. [Link] s ↩︎
Vera-Toscano, E., & Wilkins, R. (2020). Does poverty in childhood beget poverty in adulthood in Australia? Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research, University of Melbourne. ↩︎
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2023). Social Isolation and loneliness. [Link] ↩︎
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2023). Social Isolation and loneliness. [Link] ↩︎
Ending Loneliness Together. (2023). State of the Nation Report: Social Connection in Australia 2023. [Link] ↩︎
Ending Loneliness Together. (2023). State of the Nation Report: Social Connection in Australia 2023. [Link] ↩︎
CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology. (2022). State of the Climate 2022. [Link] ↩︎
Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. (n.d.). Understanding climate change. DCCEEW. [Link] ↩︎
IPCC. (2023). Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 1-34. [Link] ↩︎
Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. (n.d.). Understanding climate change. DCCEEW. [Link] CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology. (2022). State of the Climate 2022. [Link] ↩︎
IPCC. (2023). Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 1-34. [Link] ↩︎
CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology. (2022). State of the Climate 2022. [Link] ↩︎
IPCC. (2023). Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 1-34. [Link] ↩︎
CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology. (2022). State of the Climate 2022. [Link] ↩︎
Climate Council. (2024). Survey results: Climate-fuelled disasters cause Australians to fear permanent loss of homes. [Link] ↩︎
Lefebvre, M., & Reinhard, J. (2022). The Cost of Extreme Weather: Building Resilience in the face of disaster. The McKell Institute. [Link] ↩︎